Forum Discussions - Fix Our World2024-03-29T13:37:09Zhttps://fixourworld.ca/forum?feed=yes&xn_auth=noWhat's Your Challengetag:fixourworld.ca,2020-04-30:2024711:Topic:859582020-04-30T20:29:40.015ZFixOurWorldhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/Chad
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<div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto">During these challenging times I've been pushing myself to conserve even further! One of the challenges I'm doing is to see how much Water I can conserve. Daily I have been taking a 2 Cup Mug of Water and seeing how much I can do with it. So I brush my teeth then stand in the tub and wash my body by dunking my cloth in the cup. Then any left over water I use to water a plant. It amazes me how far a Mug of…</div>
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<div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto">During these challenging times I've been pushing myself to conserve even further! One of the challenges I'm doing is to see how much Water I can conserve. Daily I have been taking a 2 Cup Mug of Water and seeing how much I can do with it. So I brush my teeth then stand in the tub and wash my body by dunking my cloth in the cup. Then any left over water I use to water a plant. It amazes me how far a Mug of water can go! Once a month I take a bath in as little water I can, and wash my hair as well. (Together We Will Fix Our World) </div>
<div dir="auto"> What challenges are you trying?</div>
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<div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto"><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/4596891452?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/4596891452?profile=RESIZE_710x" width="300" class="align-center"/></a></div>
</div> Learning togethertag:fixourworld.ca,2015-08-06:2024711:Topic:707842015-08-06T13:08:37.589ZSarah McCombehttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/SarahMcCombe
<p>When working towards that goal of self and service, others are too. So what a beautiful gift it is to share that growth together and bond in unity. Fix Our World has given us that platform to connect through social media which connects us instantly across the planet for the better.</p>
<p>Another blessing is that because we have many different talents and paths; we have the opportunity to share them and to grow communities stronger together.</p>
<p>What is your favorite way to be of service?…</p>
<p>When working towards that goal of self and service, others are too. So what a beautiful gift it is to share that growth together and bond in unity. Fix Our World has given us that platform to connect through social media which connects us instantly across the planet for the better.</p>
<p>Another blessing is that because we have many different talents and paths; we have the opportunity to share them and to grow communities stronger together.</p>
<p>What is your favorite way to be of service? What positive stories are coming from where you are(personal and/or community)? What are you doing now to help make the world a better place?</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361126?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="300" class="align-full" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361126?profile=original"/></a></p> SOUTH SUDAN REFUGEE CHILDREN (INTL PEACE DAY)tag:fixourworld.ca,2015-07-23:2024711:Topic:703202015-07-23T10:45:40.370ZAlbert KUNIHIRAhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/AlbertKUNIHIRA
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361460?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-center" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361460?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750"></img></a></p>
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<div><div><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">Greetings from The 2015 Global Peace Games Team. I am inviting you to join our quest for Global Peace with a Focus on South Sudan refugee Children in Northern Uganda refugee camps. On 21st September, we…</font></font></div>
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<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361460?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654361460?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-center"/></a></p>
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<div><div><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">Greetings from The 2015 Global Peace Games Team. I am inviting you to join our quest for Global Peace with a Focus on South Sudan refugee Children in Northern Uganda refugee camps. On 21st September, we will be joining the rest of the World to Celebrate the International Day of Peace with Refugee Children through our 2015 Global Peace Games, kindly visit </font></font><a href="http://www.aymu.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108&Itemid=154" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">http://www.aymu.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108&Itemid=154</font></a><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> </font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">For detailed info on the plight of South Sudan refugee Children and Youth in Northern Uganda, kindly visit us at</font><a href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.913663072024960.1073741840.483089068415698&type=3" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.913663072024960.1073741840.483089068415698&type=3</font></a><br/><br/><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">TO VIEW OUR ACTIVITY PHOTOS KINDLY VISIT US AT </font></font><a href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.508612065863398.1073741826.483089068415698&type=3" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.508612065863398.1073741826.483089068415698&type=3</font></a><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua"> OR you can mail us at </font></font><a href="mailto:peacegames@aymu.org" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">peacegames@aymu.org</font></a><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua"> OR Whatsapp </font></font><a target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">+256-776-200002</font></a><br/><br/></div>
<font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">Join us on Google+ for updates </font><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/116247771080597627815/posts" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">https://plus.google.com/u/0/116247771080597627815/posts</font></a><br/><div><div dir="ltr"><p><font size="4"> </font></p>
<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr"><p><font color="#000000"><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">Let Peace Prevail,<br/><br/>Albert KUNIHIRA<br/>CEO/Peace & AIDS Activist/Resource Mobilisation Officer</font></font><font color="#888888"><font color="#888888"><br/><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">Africa Youth Ministries<br/>P.O. BOX 20029, Kampala-Uganda<br/>Old Airport Road Bugonga Entebbe, Off Airport Road<br/>P: + 256-776-200002/753-200002/ 793-200002</font></font></font></font></font><font color="#888888"><font color="#888888"><br/><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">E: </font><a href="mailto:peacegames@aymu.org" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">peacegames@aymu.org</font></a><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> </font></font></font><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">Whatsapp: 256-776-200002<br/></font></p>
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<div><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">F: </font></font><a href="http://www.facebook.com/peaceandsportnu" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">www.facebook.com/peaceandsportnu</font></a></div>
<div><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">T: </font></font><a href="https://twitter.com/gpeacegames" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">https://twitter.com/gpeacegames</font></a><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua"> W: </font></font><a href="http://www.aymu.org/" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">www.aymu.org</font></a></div>
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</div> Free China Human Rightstag:fixourworld.ca,2015-02-13:2024711:Topic:691782015-02-13T21:45:17.799ZMaria Wanghttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/MariaWang
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<p><font size="3">Who cares about Freedom these days? Well, if you do…check this out!</font></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.helpfreechina.com/"><font size="3">www.HELPFREECHINA.com</font></a></p>
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<p><font size="3">Forced Organ Harvesting! ISIS does it and people go crazy. The Chinese Communist Party has done it for YEARS and no one bats an eye.</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Today, we want to write to you about taking<br></br></font> <font size="3">a stand for FREEDOM,…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Who cares about Freedom these days? Well, if you do…check this out!</font></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.helpfreechina.com/"><font size="3">www.HELPFREECHINA.com</font></a></p>
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<p><font size="3">Forced Organ Harvesting! ISIS does it and people go crazy. The Chinese Communist Party has done it for YEARS and no one bats an eye.</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Today, we want to write to you about taking<br/></font> <font size="3">a stand for FREEDOM, specifically against the <br/></font> <font size="3">world’s</font> <u><font size="3">largest</font></u> <font size="3">oppressive regime.</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Watch the award-winning film ‘Free China’ and you<br/></font> <font size="3">will understand why we can’t just sit by and do <br/></font> <font size="3">nothing about this authoritarian regime’s rise <br/></font> <font size="3">to power…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">As Martin Luther King, Jr. once said "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"! </font></p>
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<p><font size="3">As Einstein once said "The world will not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything."</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">So what’s this all about?</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">You see our friends, Michael Perlman and Kean <br/></font> <font size="3">Wong are award-winning documentary filmmakers <br/></font> <font size="3">who were contenders for an Academy Award for <br/></font> <font size="3">their latest work.<br/></font> <font size="3"><br/></font> <font size="3">And for the last 18 months they’ve been to over<br/></font> <font size="3">a dozen countries on their ‘Help Free China’ <br/></font> <font size="3">campaign in an effort to bring greater freedoms<br/></font> <font size="3">to the people of China as well.</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Think about this…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Wouldn’t it be in our own interests to be dealing<br/></font> <font size="3">with a government that wasn’t ‘Communist’ or<br/></font> <font size="3">allowed freedom of press and expression so we <br/></font> <font size="3">actually know what’s really happening inside <br/></font> <font size="3">China?</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">Which is why this film is waking people up…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">From a growing grassroots campaign that <br/></font> <font size="3">has resulted in over 1000 screenings worldwide <br/></font> <font size="3">in 26 languages, garnering the support of <br/></font> <font size="3">dozens of Free China Ambassadors such as…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">…Nobel Laureate Desmond Tutu, Dr. Randy Sherman</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">(Operation Smile), Hollywood Actors Eric and <br/></font> <font size="3">Eliza Roberts to name a few…</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">… we are now excited to help spread the word<br/></font> <font size="3">about their eye-opening film called “Free China”<br/></font> <font size="3">which is just about to premiere online.</font></p>
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<p><font size="3"> “Stirring…Narrative Power” – New York Times</font></p>
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<p><br/> <font size="3">This film is a MUST SEE if you care about<br/></font> <font size="3">your freedom and certainly your children’s</font></p>
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<p><font size="3">freedoms. Check out their campaign video.</font></p>
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<p><br/> <font size="3">Help bring greater freedoms to 1.3 billion people and also get paid doing so.</font></p>
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<p><a href="http://www.helpfreechina.com/"><font size="3">www.HELPFREECHINA.com</font></a></p>
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<p></p> Fundraising for Africa!tag:fixourworld.ca,2013-07-19:2024711:Topic:596852013-07-19T00:42:35.757ZNikhita Stoimenovhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/NikhitaStoimenov
Hello everyone, my name is Nikhita Stoimenov and next summer, I am planning to go to Africa. I just recently joined the Fix Our World team. I want to fundraise to pay for my tuition to get there. Please donate at <a href="http://www.gofundme.com/3n1x7s">http://www.gofundme.com/3n1x7s</a> or spread the word. I highly appreciate this! Also, according to Linda, there will be a table set up for me at the festival. So find me there! Thank you!
Hello everyone, my name is Nikhita Stoimenov and next summer, I am planning to go to Africa. I just recently joined the Fix Our World team. I want to fundraise to pay for my tuition to get there. Please donate at <a href="http://www.gofundme.com/3n1x7s">http://www.gofundme.com/3n1x7s</a> or spread the word. I highly appreciate this! Also, according to Linda, there will be a table set up for me at the festival. So find me there! Thank you! Got a charge out of the Festival!tag:fixourworld.ca,2012-09-17:2024711:Topic:519822012-09-17T17:18:31.363ZL0cKhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/L0cK
<p>Thanks to Linda for helping out an electric rider to plug in/recharge their electric bike at the Festival! We had a small group of ebike riders attend the Festival for the first time this year and next year there'll be twice as many of us coming! Most of us were Hamiltonians and local to the Festival so didn't need to plug in but I came from Toronto and the bike was "thirsty" after this long ride. What a treat to plug in to Bullfrog power for the ride home!</p>
<p>Regards and best wishes to…</p>
<p>Thanks to Linda for helping out an electric rider to plug in/recharge their electric bike at the Festival! We had a small group of ebike riders attend the Festival for the first time this year and next year there'll be twice as many of us coming! Most of us were Hamiltonians and local to the Festival so didn't need to plug in but I came from Toronto and the bike was "thirsty" after this long ride. What a treat to plug in to Bullfrog power for the ride home!</p>
<p>Regards and best wishes to Fix Our World for EVery success in the future.</p>
<p>Lock Hughes<br/> Toronto Electric Riders Association<br/>
<a href="http://www.ebikeriders.com/">http://www.ebikeriders.com/</a></p> 2012 GLOBAL PEACE GAMES CALL FOR VOLUNTEERStag:fixourworld.ca,2012-06-09:2024711:Topic:509042012-06-09T10:14:12.525ZAlbert KUNIHIRAhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/AlbertKUNIHIRA
<div><font face="Book Antiqua" size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua" size="4"><span><font face="Book Antiqua">Dear Sir or Madam,</font></span></font></font></div>
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<div><font face="Book Antiqua" size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua" size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua" size="4"><span><font face="Book Antiqua"><strong><u>Sub: 2012 <span><span>Global Peace</span></span> Games Volunteer Placements:<br></br></u></strong> <br></br>Warm <span>Greetings from Africa</span> Youth Ministries. I am writing…</font></span></font></font></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span><font face="Book Antiqua">Dear Sir or Madam,</font></span></font></font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span><font face="Book Antiqua"><strong><u>Sub: 2012 <span><span>Global Peace</span></span> Games Volunteer Placements:<br/></u></strong> <br/>Warm <span>Greetings from Africa</span> Youth Ministries. I am writing this mail inviting Volunteers for The 2012 Global Peace Games commencing on the 21st of June to 21s September 2012, International Day of Peace. Volunteer opportunities during the 2012 Global Peace Games, involve spending their quality time sharing & Training Peer Coaches, Conducting Sports Clinics, Teaching young people non violence skills, sports talents development and having fun with Orphans & War affected Children in Uganda through our Sports Projects. kindly visit our 2012 Peace Games Page at<span> </span><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/8jFzUJ%20%20" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/8jFzUJ</span></font></a><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/8jFzUJ%20%20" target="_blank"> </a><a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/8jFzUJ%20%20" target="_blank"><span> </span></a><br/></font>For details on available Volunteer & Internship details, kindly visit<span> </span><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/Hp1wRM" target="_blank"><font face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/Hp1wRM</span></font></a></font></span><a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/Hp1wRM%20" target="_blank"><span style="text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-size-adjust: none; display: inline; font-weight: normal; float: none; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif; word-spacing: 0px;"><span> </span></span></a> <a rel="nofollow"></a></font></font></font><h6 style="text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-size-adjust: none; display: inline; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; margin: 0pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif; word-spacing: 0px;"><font size="4"><span><font face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">Below you can visit our various sports projects Photo albums to learn more about our sports projects by touring our photo albums:-<br/> <br/>Peace Through Sport<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/S8dwpH" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/S8dwpH</span></font></a><br/><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> <br/>Sports For Social Change<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/HFaITN%20" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/HFaITN</span></font></a><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/HFaITN%20" target="_blank"><span> </span></a><br/> <br/>All Girls Deserve a Chance<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/VSFkjW%20" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/VSFkjW</span></font></a><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/VSFkjW%20" target="_blank"><span> </span></a><br/> <br/>Inspiring & Empowering Girls Through Sport<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://is.gd/gCmYbj" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><span>http://is.gd/gCmYbj</span></font></a><br/><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> <br/>Peace Games in Photo Narration <span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/w5yyaj%20" target="_blank"><span>http://is.gd/w5yyaj</span></a></span></font><a rel="nofollow" href="http://is.gd/w5yyaj%20" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> </font></a></font></span></font></h6>
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<div><font face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><br/></font><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">To apply online for volunteer placements, kindly follow the link<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://www.aymu.org/index.php?%20option=com_content&view=%20article&id=93&Itemid=139%20" target="_blank"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua">http://www.aymu.org/index.php? option=com_content&view= article&id=93&Itemid=139</font></a><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aymu.org/index.php?%20option=com_content&view=%20article&id=93&Itemid=139%20" target="_blank"> </a><font color="#FF0000">Besides, we Urgently need Donations of Sports Equipments, to support this cause, kindly drop us an email at</font></font> <a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="https://mail.google.com/mail/h/1jmwzve5g7v20/?&v=b&cs=wh&to=peacegames@aymu.org" target="_blank">peacegames@aymu.org</a><span> </span><br/><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"> <br/>Let Peace Prevail on Earth,</font></div>
<p><span style="text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-size-adjust: none; display: inline; font-weight: normal; float: none; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4"> </font></font></font></span></span></p>
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<div><h6 style="text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-size-adjust: none; display: inline; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; margin: 0pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif; word-spacing: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4"><font face="Book Antiqua">Albert KUNIHIRA<br/>CEO/Peace & AIDS Activist<br/>Africa<span> </span><span>Youth Ministries</span><br/>AG. Director Living Hope Health Care<br/>P.O. BOX 20029, Kampala-Uganda<br/>Plot 002<span> </span><span>Jerusalem</span><span> </span>Avenue, Off Airport Road<br/>P: +256-776-200002/753-200002/ 793-200002<br/>F:<span> </span><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;">+256-414-287151</a><br/>E:<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow"><font face="Book Antiqua"><span>albert@aymu.org</span></font></a><font face="Book Antiqua"><span> </span>or<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow"><font face="Book Antiqua"><span>admin@aymu.org</span></font></a><font face="Book Antiqua"><span> </span>or<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow"><font face="Book Antiqua">volunteers@aymu.org</font></a><br/><font face="Book Antiqua">I:<span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #0000cc;" href="http://www.aymu.org/" target="_blank"><font face="Book Antiqua"><span>www.aymu.org</span></font></a></font></font></font></font></h6>
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<div style="text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-transform: none; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; font-family: arial,sans-serif; word-spacing: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4" face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4"><font color="#FF0000" face="Book Antiqua"><strong>"Investment in<span> </span><span>AIDS</span><span> </span>will be repaid a thousand-fold in lives saved and communities held together."Dr.<span> </span><span>Peter Piot</span>, Executive Director, UNAIDS</strong></font></font></font></font></font><a target="_self" href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654362756?profile=original"><img width="750" class="align-center" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2654362756?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750"/></a></div> Dandelions-NATURAL SOURCE OF VITAMINStag:fixourworld.ca,2012-04-28:2024711:Topic:504542012-04-28T17:59:01.982ZFixOurWorldhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/Chad
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"><span dir="auto"><i>Taraxacum</i></span></h1>
<div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="dablink">"Dandelion" redirects here. It often refers specifically to …</div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span dir="auto"><i>Taraxacum</i></span></h1>
<div id="bodyContent"><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="en"><div class="dablink">"Dandelion" redirects here. It often refers specifically to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">Taraxacum officinale</a></i>. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_(disambiguation)" title="Dandelion (disambiguation)">Dandelion (disambiguation)</a></div>
<div><table class="infobox biota">
<tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Dandelion</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DandelionFlower.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DandelionFlower.jpg/220px-DandelionFlower.jpg" width="220" height="176"/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TaraxacumOfficinaleSeed.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/TaraxacumOfficinaleSeed.JPG/220px-TaraxacumOfficinaleSeed.JPG" width="220" height="165"/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">A dandelion flower head composed of hundreds of smaller florets (top) and seed head (bottom)</td>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th>
</tr>
<tr><td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><span class="kingdom"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae" class="mw-redirect">Plantae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" title="Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect">Angiosperms</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Order:</td>
<td><span class="order"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Family:</td>
<td><span class="family"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Tribe:</td>
<td><span class="tribe"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorieae" title="Cichorieae">Cichorieae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Genus:</td>
<td><span class="genus"><i><b>Taraxacum</b></i></span><br/><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Henri_Gabriel_de_Cassini" title="Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini" class="mw-redirect">Cass.</a></small></td>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="2">Species</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p>See text</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p><i><b>Taraxacum</b></i> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="pronunciation:"><img alt="play" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11"/></span> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="schwa 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="schwa 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="variable 'u' in 'beautiful'">ʉ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>) is a large genus of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>. They are native to Eurasia and North America, and two species, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">T. officinale</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_erythrospermum" title="Taraxacum erythrospermum">T. erythrospermum</a></i>, are found as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> Both species are edible in their entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> The common name<b>dandelion</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="schwa 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="long 'i' in 'bide'">aɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="syllable break">.</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'on' in 'button'">ən</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><b><span class="SMALLCAPS"><span class="NOCAPS">dan</span></span></b>-di-ly-ən</i></a></span>, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>dent-de-lion</i>, meaning lion's tooth) is given to members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, and like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have very small flowers collected together into a composite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)" title="Head (botany)" class="mw-redirect">flower head</a>. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. Many <i>Taraxacum</i> species produce seeds <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, where the seeds are produced without <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#" class="internal" id="togglelink" name="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Seed_dispersal"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Seed dispersal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#False_dandelions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">False dandelions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Selected_species"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Selected species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Cultivars"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cultivars</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Origin_of_the_names"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the names</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Properties"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Properties</span></a><ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#As_a_beneficial_weed"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">As a beneficial weed</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Culinary_use"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Culinary use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Traditional_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Insects"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Insects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<p>The species of <i>Taraxacum</i> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">tap-rooted</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous" title="Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect">herbaceous</a> plants, native to<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" title="Temperate" class="mw-redirect">temperate</a> areas of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_world" title="Old world" class="mw-redirect">Old</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world" title="New world" class="mw-redirect">New worlds</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon from June 2011">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The leaves are 5–25 cm long or longer, simple and basal, entire or lobed, forming a rosette above the central taproot. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">flower heads</a> are yellow to orange coloured, and are open in the daytime but closed at night. The heads are borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that rises 1–10 cm or more<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> above the leaves and exudes a milky <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap_(plant)" title="Sap (plant)" class="mw-redirect">sap</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>) when broken. A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower heads are 2–5 cm in diameter and consist entirely of ray <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floret" title="Floret" class="mw-redirect">florets</a>. The flower heads mature into spherical "clocks"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> containing many single-seeded fruits called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a>. Each achene is attached to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)" title="Pappus (flower structure)">pappus</a> of fine hairs, which enable wind-aided dispersal over long distances.</p>
<p>The flower head is surrounded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> (sometimes mistakenly called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>) in two series. The inner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> are erect until the seeds mature, then flex downward to allow the seeds to disperse; the outer bracts are always reflexed downward. Some species drop the "parachute" from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are called <i>pappus</i>, and they are modified sepals. Between the pappus and the achene, there is a stalk called a beak, which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks off from the achene quite easily, separating the seed from the parachute.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seed dispersal">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seed_dispersal">Seed dispersal</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dandelion_seed_dispersal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dandelion_seed_dispersal.jpg/220px-Dandelion_seed_dispersal.jpg" width="220" height="211" class="thumbimage"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dandelion_seed_dispersal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.20wmf1/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div>
Seeds being dispersed from a<i>Taraxacum</i> seedhead by air currents</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>A number of species of <i>Taraxacum</i> are seed dispersed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruderal" title="Ruderal" class="mw-redirect">ruderals</a> that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially the Common dandelion (<i>T. officinale</i>), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After flowering is finished, the dandelion flower head dries out for a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop off, the bracts reflex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball opens into a full sphere. Finally, the seed-bearing parachutes expand and lift out of it. The parachute drops off the achene when it strikes an obstacle<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. After the seed is released, the parachutes lose their feathered structure and take on a fuzzy, cotton-like appearance, often called "dandelion snow"<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: False dandelions">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="False_dandelions">False dandelions</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HAWKBEARD.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/HAWKBEARD.jpg/190px-HAWKBEARD.jpg" width="190" height="175" class="thumbimage"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HAWKBEARD.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.20wmf1/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div>
Hawksbeard flower heads and ripe seeds are sometimes confused with dandelions.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Dandelions are so similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catsear" title="Catsear">catsears</a> (<i>Hypochaeris</i>) that catsears are also known as "false dandelions". Both plants carry similar flowers, which form into windborne seeds. However, dandelion flowers are borne singly on unbranched, hairless and leafless, hollow stems, while catsear flowering stems are branched, solid and carry bracts. Both plants have a basal rosette of leaves and a central taproot. However, the leaves of dandelions are smooth or glabrous, whereas those of catsears are coarsely hairy.</p>
<p>Other plants with superficially similar flowers include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkweed" title="Hawkweed">hawkweeds</a> (<i>Hieracium</i>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepis" title="Crepis">hawksbeards</a>(<i>Crepis</i>). These are readily distinguished by branched flowering stems, which are usually hairy and bear leaves.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span></h2>
<p>The genus is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomically</a> complex, with some botanists dividing the group into about 34 macrospecies, and about 2000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspecies" title="Microspecies" class="mw-redirect">microspecies</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Richards-5">[6]</a></sup> approximately 235 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomictic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a>microspecies have been recorded in Great Britain and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> Some botanists take a much narrower view and only accept a total of about 60 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_5-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Richards-5">[6]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected species">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_species">Selected species</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_albidum" title="Taraxacum albidum">Taraxacum albidum</a></i>, a white-flowering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> dandelion.</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_californicum" title="Taraxacum californicum">Taraxacum californicum</a></i>, the endangered California dandelion</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_japonicum" title="Taraxacum japonicum">Taraxacum japonicum</a></i>, Japanese dandelion. No ring of smallish, downward-turned leaves under the flowerhead.</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_kok-saghyz" title="Taraxacum kok-saghyz">Taraxacum kok-saghyz</a></i>, Russian dandelion, which produces rubber<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_laevigatum" title="Taraxacum laevigatum">Taraxacum laevigatum</a></i>, Red-seeded Dandelion; achenes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughout length. Inner bracts' tips are hooded.<ul>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_erythrospermum" title="Taraxacum erythrospermum">Taraxacum erythrospermum</a></i>, often considered a variety of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_laevigatum" title="Taraxacum laevigatum">Taraxacum laevigatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">Taraxacum officinale</a></i> (syn. <i>T. officinale subsp. vulgare</i>), Common Dandelion. Found in many forms.</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivars">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivars">Cultivars</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>'<b>Amélioré à Coeur Plein'</b> - Yields an abundant crop without taking up much ground, and tends to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanching_(horticulture)" title="Blanching (horticulture)">blanch</a> itself naturally, due to its clumping growth habit.</li>
<li>'<b>Broad Leaved'</b> - The leaves are thick and tender and easily blanched. In rich soils they can be up to 60 cm wide. Plants do not go to seed as quickly as French types.</li>
<li>'<b>Vert de Montmagny'</b>- Long dark green leaves, some find them mild enough to be palatable without blanching. Vigorous and productive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content">
<tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14"/></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit">expansion</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Dandelions are thought to have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> about thirty million years ago in Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> They have been used by humans for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herb</a>for much of recorded history.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_11-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-McGee-11">[12]</a></sup> They were introduced to North America by early European immigrants.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin of the names">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_names">Origin of the names</span></h3>
<p>The Latin name <i>taraxacum</i> originates in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> Arabic writings on pharmacy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect">Al-Razi</a> around 900 (A.D.) wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_S%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Ibn Sīnā" class="mw-redirect">Ibn Sīnā</a> around 1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on taraxacum. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a>, in translating Arabic to Latin around 1170, spelled it <i>tarasacon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup></p>
<p>The English name <i>dandelion</i> is a corruption of the French <i>dent de lion</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> meaning "lion's tooth", referring to the coarsely toothed leaves. The names of the plant have the same meaning in several other European languages, such as the Welsh <i>dant y llew</i>, Italian <i>dente di leone</i>, Catalan <i>dent de lleó</i>, Spanish <i>diente de león</i>, Portuguese <i>dente-de-leão</i>, Norwegian <i>Løvetann</i>, Danish <i>Løvetand</i> and German <i>Löwenzahn</i>.</p>
<p>In modern French, the plant is named <i>pissenlit</i> (or vernacular <i>pisse au lit</i>).<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Likewise, "piss-a-bed" is an English folk-name for this plant,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Taylor-14">[15]</a></sup> as are <i>piscialletto</i> in Italian, <i>pixallits</i> in Catalan and <i>meacamas</i> in Spanish.<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These names refer to the strong<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> effect of the plant's roots,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_14-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Taylor-14">[15]</a></sup> either roasted or raw. In various north-eastern Italian dialects, the plant is known as <i>pisacan</i> ("dog pisses"), because they are found at the side of pavements.<sup id="cite_ref-Frapez_15-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Frapez-15">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>In France, it is also known as <i>laitue de chien</i> (dog's lettuce), <i>salade de taupe</i> (mole's salad), <i>florin d'or</i> (golden <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florin</a>); <i>cochet</i> (cockerel);<i>fausse chicorée</i> (false <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>); <i>couronne de moine</i> (monk's crown); <i>baraban</i>.<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In several European languages the plant, or at least its parachute ball stage, is named after the popular children's pastime of blowing the parachutes off the stalk: <i>Pusteblume</i> German for "blowing flower"), <i>soffione</i> (Italian for "blowing", in some northern Italian dialects),<sup id="cite_ref-Frapez_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Frapez-15">[16]</a></sup><i>dmuchawiec</i> (Polish, derived from the verb "blow"), <i>одуванчик</i> (Russian, derived from the verb "blow").<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In other languages, the plant is named after the white sap found in its stem, e.g. <i>mlecz</i> (derived from the Polish word for "milk"), <i>mælkebøtte</i>(Danish for "milk pot"), <i>kutyatej</i> (Hungarian for "dog milk"), <i>маслачак</i> (Serbian, from <i>маслац</i> meaning "butter").<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>name <i>kiaulpienė</i> can be translated as "sow milk"<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Similarly, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> it is called <i>pienene</i>, derived from <i>piens</i> ('milk'), as in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> is used <i>lletsó</i> (derived from the word <i>llet</i> that means "milk").<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The alternative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> name <i>gyermekláncfű</i> ("child's chain grass") refers to the habit of children to pick dandelions, remove the flowers, and make links out of the stems by "plugging" the narrow top end of the stem into the wider bottom end.<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> its name (respectively <i>глухарче</i> and <i>глуварче</i>) is derived from the word for 'deaf' (<i>глух</i>, <i>глув</i>), because of a traditional belief that dandelion parachutes can cause deafness.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the dandelion is called <i>karahindiba</i> meaning "black endive".<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the root flesh is white, the outer skin of the root is dark brown or black.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, it is called <i>maskros</i> ('worm rose') after the small insects (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>) usually present in the flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, it is called <i>voikukka</i> and <i>võilill</i>, respectively, meaning "butter flower", referring to its buttery colour.<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Similarly, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, the name of this plant (<i>maslačak</i>) is derived from the noun <i>maslac</i>, meaning <i>butter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup></p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> it is called <i>paardenbloem</i>, meaning "horse-flower".</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> it is called <i>pú gōng yīng</i> (蒲公英), meaning "flower that grows in public spaces by the riverside".<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, it is<i>tanpopo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">タンポポ</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon">?</span></a></sup></span>).</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> it is called <i>qasedak</i> (قاصدک), meaning the "small postman", because of a belief that it brings good news.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> it is called <i>dente-de-leão</i>, also meaning "lion's tooth". Portuguese children also call them "o teu pai é careca" (your dad is bald) due to a game which consisted on blowing on a dandelion. If it was left with no seeds, that would mean the other kid's dad was bald.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> its seed (and most often the plant itself) is called a <i>kleftis</i> (κλέφτης) meaning "thief" because it is very difficult to catch once airborne.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Properties">Properties</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eightyfivedandelion.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eightyfivedandelion.JPG/220px-Eightyfivedandelion.JPG" width="220" height="291" class="thumbimage"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eightyfivedandelion.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.20wmf1/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div>
An 85 centimetres (33 in)-tall dandelion</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a beneficial weed">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_beneficial_weed">As a beneficial weed</span></h3>
<p>The dandelion plant is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneficial_weed" title="Beneficial weed">beneficial weed</a>, with a wide range of uses, and is even a good <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_plant" title="Companion plant" class="mw-redirect">companion plant</a> for gardening. Its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> will bring up nutrients for shallower-rooting plants, and add minerals and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixing" title="Nitrogen fixing" class="mw-redirect">nitrogen</a> to soil. It is also known to attract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination#Biotic" title="Pollination">pollinating</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects" title="Insects" class="mw-redirect">insects</a> and release <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> gas which helps fruit to ripen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culinary use">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</span></h3>
<table class="infobox">
<caption>Dandelion greens, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th>
<td>188 kJ (45 kcal)</td>
</tr>
<tr><th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th>
<td>9.2 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th>
<td>0.71 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th>
<td>3.5 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></th>
<td>0.7 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated</a></th>
<td>0.17 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></th>
<td>2.7 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th>
<td>85.6 g</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> equiv.</td>
<td>508 μg (64%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene" title="Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect">beta-carotene</a></td>
<td>5854 μg (54%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></td>
<td>13610 μg</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (vit. B<sub>1</sub>)</a></td>
<td>0.19 mg (17%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub>2</sub>)</a></td>
<td>0.26 mg (22%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin (vit. B<sub>3</sub>)</a></td>
<td>0.806 mg (5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B<sub>5</sub>)</td>
<td>0.084 mg (2%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></td>
<td>0.251 mg (19%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate" title="Folate" class="mw-redirect">Folate</a> (vit. B<sub>9</sub>)</td>
<td>27 μg (7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></td>
<td>35.3 mg (7%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td>
<td>35.0 mg (42%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td>
<td>0.0 μg (0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></td>
<td>3.44 mg (23%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td>
<td>778.4 μg (741%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td>
<td>187 mg (19%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" title="Iron">Iron</a></td>
<td>3.1 mg (24%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></td>
<td>36 mg (10%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td>
<td>0.342 mg (16%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td>
<td>66 mg (9%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_the_diet_and_by_supplement" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td>
<td>397 mg (8%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td>
<td>76 mg (5%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td>
<td>0.41 mg (4%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">Percentages are relative to<br/><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults.<br/><small>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Dandelions are found on all continents and have been gathered since prehistory, but the varieties cultivated for consumption are mainly native to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. A<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant">perennial plant</a>, its leaves will grow back if the taproot is left intact. To make leaves more palatable, they are often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">blanched</a> to remove bitterness.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-McGee-11">[12]</a></sup> Dandelion leaves and buds have been a part of traditional<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the leaves of a variety called Mari (Μαρί), Mariaki (Μαριάκι) or Koproradiko (Κοπροράδικο) are eaten by locals, either raw or boiled, in salads. Another species endemic to Crete, is eaten in the same way; it is found only at high altitudes (1000 to 1600 m.) and in fallow sites, and is called pentaramia (πενταράμια) or agrioradiko (αγριοράδικο) and which has been named <i>Taraxacum megalorhizon</i> by Prof. Michalis Damanakis of the Botanics Department of the University of Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup></p>
<p>The flower petals, along with other ingredients, are used to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_wine#Dandelion_wine" title="Fruit wine">dandelion wine</a>. The ground, roasted roots can be used as a caffeine-free <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">dandelion coffee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NJOL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-NJOL-20">[21]</a></sup> Dandelion was also traditionally used to make the traditional British soft drink <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_and_burdock" title="Dandelion and burdock">dandelion and burdock</a>, and is one of the ingredients of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_beer#Ingredients" title="Root beer">root beer</a>.</p>
<p>Dandelion leaves contain abundant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and minerals, especially vitamins <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a>, and are good sources of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Traditional uses">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_uses">Traditional uses</span></h3>
<p>Historically, dandelion was prized for a variety of medicinal properties, and it contains a wide number of pharmacologically active compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Schutz-22">[23]</a></sup> Dandelion is used as folk remedies in Europe, North America and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutz_22-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Schutz-22">[23]</a></sup> It was used to treat infections, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> problems,<sup id="cite_ref-Schutz_22-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Schutz-22">[23]</a></sup>as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>,<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schutz_22-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-Schutz-22">[23]</a></sup> There is evidence to suggest it may have<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">anti-inflammatory</a> effects and assist with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a> in women.<sup class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Dandelion pollen may cause <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reactions</a> when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. Due to its high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> level, dandelion may also increase the risk of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a> when taken with potassium-sparing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretics" title="Diuretics" class="mw-redirect">diuretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Insects">Insects</span></h3>
<p>Dandelions are important plants for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" title="Northern hemisphere" class="mw-redirect">northern hemisphere</a> bees, providing an important source of nectar and pollen early in the season.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> Dandelions are used as food plants by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies" title="Butterflies" class="mw-redirect">butterflies</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moths" title="Moths" class="mw-redirect">moths</a>). See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_that_feed_on_dandelions" title="List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions">List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions</a>. They are also used as a source of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> by the pearl-bordered fritillary (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boloria_euphrosyne" title="Boloria euphrosyne" class="mw-redirect">Boloria euphrosyne</a></i>), one of the earliest emerging<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg/220px-Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"/></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.20wmf1/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div>
Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ants" title="Ants" class="mw-redirect">ants</a> taking nectar from a dandelion.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h3>
<p>Four dandelion flowers are the emblem of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> The citizens celebrate spring with an annual Dandelion Festival.</p>
<p>The dandelion is the official flower of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> and "Dandelion Yellow" is one of the school's official colors. The Dandelion Yellow is an official University of Rochester song.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup></p>
<ul class="gallery">
<li class="gallerybox"><div><div class="thumb"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_denudatum02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/T_denudatum02.jpg/90px-T_denudatum02.jpg" width="90" height="120"/></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><p><i>Taraxacum denudatum</i> H. Koidz.</p>
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<li class="gallerybox"><div><div class="thumb"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_obovatum_habitus_2009March19_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Taraxacum_obovatum_habitus_2009March19_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg/120px-Taraxacum_obovatum_habitus_2009March19_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg" width="120" height="90"/></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><p><i>Taraxacum obovatum</i></p>
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</div>
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<li class="gallerybox"><div><div class="thumb"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dandelion_and_bee.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dandelion_and_bee.jpg/120px-Dandelion_and_bee.jpg" width="120" height="120"/></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><p><i>Taraxacum officinale</i></p>
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<li class="gallerybox"><div><div class="thumb"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_albidum01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/T_albidum01.jpg/120px-T_albidum01.jpg" width="120" height="120"/></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><p><i>Taraxacum albidum</i></p>
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<li class="gallerybox"><div><div class="thumb"><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum1-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Taraxacum1-1.jpg/120px-Taraxacum1-1.jpg" width="120" height="90"/></a></div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><p>Pollen of unidentified<i>Taraxacum</i> species</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_and_burdock" title="Dandelion and burdock">Dandelion and burdock</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beneficial_weeds" title="List of beneficial weeds">List of beneficial weeds</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companion_plants" title="List of companion plants">List of companion plants</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_properties_of_dandelion" title="Medicinal properties of dandelion" class="mw-redirect">Medicinal properties of dandelion</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraxacum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132314">"Taraxacum"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a></i>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherearthnews.com/Real-Food/2008-04-01/Dandelion-Recipes.aspx?page=2">"Wild About Dandelions"</a>. <i>Mother Earth News</i>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://128.104.239.6/uw_weeds/extension/articles/dandelion.htm">Dandelion - J. Doll and T. Trower</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132314"><i>Taraxacum</i> in Flora of North America @ efloras.org</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/dandelion-clock">"Dandelion Clock - Definition from Longman English Dictionary Online"</a>. Ldoceonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-03</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Richards-5">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Richards_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Richards_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/2430530">Richards, A.J. (1970). Eutriploid facultative agamospermy in Taraxacum. <i>New Phytologist</i>. 69(3): 761–774 plate.</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Richards, A.J. (1997). <i>Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland (Handbooks for Field Identification)</i>. BSBI Publications. p. 330.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901158253" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901158253">978-0901158253</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Taraxacum+kok-saghyz">"Plants for a future: Taraxacum kok-saghiz"</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417345">Flora of North America</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edible-plants.com/126/dandelion-cultivars/edibleplants/dandelion/">Edible Plants</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gardening.wsu.edu/column/05-04-03.htm">Gardening in Western Washington: Dandelions</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-McGee-11">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-McGee_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-McGee_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">McGee, Harold (2004). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Food_and_Cooking" title="On Food and Cooking">On Food and Cooking</a>: the science and lore of the kitchen</i>. New York: Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false">320</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80001-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80001-2">0-684-80001-2</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Reported in <i>An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i>, by Walter W. Skeat (1888) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft">Downloadable at Archive.org</a>). In <i>An Etymology Dictionary of Modern English</i> by Ernest Weekley (1921) it is reported that Arabic tarashaqun is derivable in turn from Persian <i>talkh chakok</i>, bitter herb (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft">Downloadable at Archive.org</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">S. Potter & L. Sargent (1973) Pedigree: essays on the etymology of words from nature. Collins New Naturalist series Volume 56</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Taylor-14">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Taylor_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Taylor_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Taylor, Joseph (1819). <i>Antiquitates curiosae: the etymology of many remarkable old sayings, proverbs and singular customs explained by Joseph Taylor</i> (2nd ed.). T&J Allman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=OveC_aPCuXcC&pg=PA97">97</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Frapez-15">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Frapez_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Frapez_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frapez.com/content/brochures/Dandelion_brochure.pdf">"Dandelion - far more than a weed"</a>. <i>Frapez.com</i>. Frapez soothie spa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 May 2010</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/astera/tarax/welcome.html">"Den virtuella floran: Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. - Maskrosor"</a> (in Swedish). Linnaeus.nrm.se<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-03</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.srce.hr/">hjp.srce.hr</a> (Croatian Language Portal)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countryfarm-lifestyles.com/companion-planting.html">"Companion Planting for Vegetables & Plants"</a>. <i>Country living and farm lifestyles</i>. countryfarm-lifestyles.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-07</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kleonikos G. Stavridakis , Κλεόνικος Γ. Σταυριδάκης (2006). <i>Wild edible plants of Crete - Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης</i>. Rethymnon Crete. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-631-179-1" title="Special:BookSources/960-631-179-1">960-631-179-1</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NJOL-20"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-NJOL_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Castronovo Fusco, MA (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/entertainment/dining/index.ssf/2008/04/dandelion_as_underrated_as_und.html">"Dandelion as underrated as underfoot"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_On-Line" title="New Jersey On-Line">New Jersey On-Line</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-07</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2441/2">"Dandelion greens, raw"</a>. Nutritiondata.com. nd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-07</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Schutz-22">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Schutz_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Schutz_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Schutz_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-Schutz_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schutz, K.; Carle, R.; Schieber, A. (2006). "Taraxacum—A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i> <b>107</b> (3): 313–323.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2006.07.021">10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950583">16950583</a>.</span><span class="plainlinks noprint"> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/16950583&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rodriguezfragoso, L; Reyesesparza, J; Burchiel, S; Herreraruiz, D; Torres, E (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2322858">"Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico"</a>. <i>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</i><b>227</b> (1): 125–135. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.taap.2007.10.005">10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005</a>. .<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037151">18037151</a>.</span><span class="plainlinks noprint"> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/18037151&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Pellett, Frank Chapman (1920). <i>American Honey Plants; Together With Those Which Are of Special Value to the Beekeeper as Sources of Pollen</i>. American Bee Journal Publication. p. 178.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1152862715" title="Special:BookSources/1152862715">1152862715</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wssmainstreet.org/">"Welcome to Main Street White Sulphur Springs...Make it home"</a>. Wssmainstreet.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-03</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=1816#dand">"Songs of the University of Rochester"</a>. Lib.rochester.edu. 2010-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-03</span>.</span></li>
</ol>
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</div>
</div> Wanted: Volunteers for Your Soul Connection Case Studytag:fixourworld.ca,2012-03-12:2024711:Topic:498122012-03-12T23:53:41.482ZJennifer Lyallhttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/JenniferLyall
<p><span>My name is Jennifer Lyall and I’m an intuitive healer. My soul’s purpose is to help others awaken to their spiritual power and discover their soul’s gifts. Last year I received guidance on a new process of work to do with people who are ready to propel forward on their spiritual journey. The work is called <span style="color: #cc99ff;"><b>Your Soul Connection</b>. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #cc99ff;"><strong><i>The intention of Your Soul Connection is to…</i></strong></span></p>
<p><span>My name is Jennifer Lyall and I’m an intuitive healer. My soul’s purpose is to help others awaken to their spiritual power and discover their soul’s gifts. Last year I received guidance on a new process of work to do with people who are ready to propel forward on their spiritual journey. The work is called <span style="color: #cc99ff;"><b>Your Soul Connection</b>. </span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="color: #cc99ff;"><strong><i>The intention of Your Soul Connection is to connect one’s soul with their heart and mind and invite the ego to step out of the way and in a sense turn on their internal “auto-pilot” to help them get on to their soul’s path.</i></strong></span></p>
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<p><span>I was guided to conduct a case study to gain experience doing the work and refine the process. I have since been practicing Your Soul Connection and have trained others to also do this work. The next step for me is creating an audio and video version of Your Soul Connection so more people can benefit from the work. I need to conduct case study with these audio and video versions to ensure the integrity of the work.</span></p>
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<p><span>You can learn more at my website <a href="http://www.yoursoulconnection.com/"><span>www.yoursoulconnection.ca</span></a></span></p>
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<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Time Commitment:</b></span></p>
<p><span>Participants in the case study will review a Guidebook (10 pages of reading + journal) and set aside time (about 1-1/12 hours) to do the guided meditations (this allows for time to set-up the space and for peace and quiet after the meditations) and send me an email with their initial feedback. Then there is a Your Soul Connection Journal for to complete 5 x (the next day and once a week for 4 weeks). Then we'll schedule a 30 minute wrap-up call a month after the individual has experienced the meditations, for them to provide me with feedback on their experience, and I also provide spiritual coaching to help them along their way. <b>Total time: about 3-4 hours in a month</b></span></p>
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<p><span>I would like case study participants to listen to the meditations within a week of receiving them. </span></p>
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<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Ideal participants:</b></span></p>
<p><span>men and women</span></p>
<p><span>on their spiritual path or feeling called on to their spiritual path</span></p>
<p><span>have an established practice or are open to establishing a dedicated practice</span></p>
<p><span>age 18-100</span></p>
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<p><span><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Fee to participate:</span></b> none</span></p>
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<p><span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Remuneration:</b></span> Eternal thanks, peace and love.</span></p>
<p><span><br/></span></p>
<p><span><b>Interested?</b> Please contact Jennifer </span>before <b>March 29th</b></p>
<p><span><br/></span></p>
<p><span>Thank you for your consideration!!</span></p>
<div><span><br/></span></div> video: Hash Oil Cures Skin Cancertag:fixourworld.ca,2011-10-25:2024711:Topic:453482011-10-25T04:59:49.874Zoohttps://fixourworld.ca/profile/PeterClemens
<p><br></br><a href="http://dotsub.com/media/fc4e051a-1709-4e63-8a2c-912b09486c9f/e/m" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://dotsub.com/media/fc4e051a-1709-4e63-8a2c-912b09486c9f/e/m</a> <br></br><br></br>special thanks to <font class="yiv533332104Apple-style-span" color="#1C39F6">Sonya Arcand</font>, Bowen practitioner in Hanmer ON who sent <span style="text-decoration: underline;">me</span> this.</p>
<p>"me" means CLEMENS REFLEXOLOGY…</p>
<p></p>
<p><br/><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://dotsub.com/media/fc4e051a-1709-4e63-8a2c-912b09486c9f/e/m">http://dotsub.com/media/fc4e051a-1709-4e63-8a2c-912b09486c9f/e/m</a> <br/><br/>special thanks to <font class="yiv533332104Apple-style-span" color="#1C39F6">Sonya Arcand</font>, Bowen practitioner in Hanmer ON who sent <span style="text-decoration: underline;">me</span> this.</p>
<p>"me" means CLEMENS REFLEXOLOGY</p>
<p><a href="http://www.reflex.vpweb.ca/">http://www.reflex.vpweb.ca/</a></p>